FoxChild@Learn
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June 2020
Q1.1: Which one of the following means a man having more than one wife at the
same time?
Put a tick () in the box next to the correct answer. A Cohabitation B Procreation C Monogamy D Polygamy
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Answer: D Polygamy
Q1.2: Give two religious teachings about divorce.
Question 1 continues on the next page
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Divorce breaks promises made before God / ‘Until death do us part.’ / Divorce always wrong / ‘God hates divorce’ (Malachi) / ‘Of all legal things the one Allah hates most is divorce.’ (Qur’an) / ‘The throne of Allah shakes due to divorce.’ (Hadith) / ‘Whenever anyone divorces his first wife even the altar (God) in the Temple sheds tears’ (Talmud) / Divorce permitted as a last resort / In Buddhism divorce is discouraged but may be seen as the right thing to do if it prevents suffering / Two people staying together may cause themselves and others great suffering, breaking the Precepts, creating bad karma and going against the principles of compassion and ahimsa / In Hinduism forbidden to the Brahmin caste but allowed, though frowned upon, in the rest of society / Sikhs do not approve of divorce but it is permitted / Guru Amar Das said a couple should be ‘one spirit in two bodies’ showing divorce should be only in exceptional situations / do everything possible to avoid divorce / seen by some as a sin, etc.
Q1.3: Explain two contrasting religious beliefs in contemporary British society about sexual
relationships before marriage. In your answer you should refer to the main religious tradition of Great Britain and one or more other religious traditions.
Answer:
including similarities and differences within and/or between religions and beliefs First contrasting belief Second contrasting belief Students must refer explicitly to a belief from Christianity, so showing that they know and understand that the main religious tradition of Great Britain is Christian. The belief they choose to explain may vary according to the denomination or tradition they refer to. The contrast may refer to either the religious belief (s) used or the issue. If students do not refer to the main religious tradition of Great Britain (Christianity) a maximum of 2 marks may be awarded. Traditional religious teachings strictly forbid pre-marital sex / seen as a sin / Risk of pregnancy / may lead to STIs / Children should be brought up within marriage / In the modern world some religious believers take a more liberal approach eg tolerating pre-marital sex amongst loving couples in a long term relationship / Casual relationships/one night stands are not supported by religious teachings / Loving, committed homosexual relationships may be supported by some believers / In many places in the world a civil partnership or marriage is not a possibility so living in an officially unrecognised committed partnership is the only option for many homosexual couples, etc. Buddha taught that a man should only have sex with his wife / Sex as part of a loving caring relationship seen as a good thing / If sex is based on lust which leads to craving then that leads to bad karma / Sex before marriage can be a cause of suffering if based on the desire for pleasure rather than based on love / The sex drive needs to be controlled as ‘craving’ can only lead to dukkha, suffering / Right Action/one of the Five Precepts is about avoiding sexual misconduct which many would see as including sex before marriage, etc. Sex is the expression of what should be a deep, life-long commitment and loving union / It is a gift of God / therefore sex before marriage is seen as wrong / people can be used / to risk pregnancy / causing STIs is irresponsible / ‘Flee from sexual immorality…Whoever sins sexually, sins against their own body’ (1 Cor 6:18) / Body is seen as a temple of the Holy Spirit and therefore worthy of special respect / Roman Catholic teaching says ‘Every sexual act must be within the framework of marriage’ (Casti Connubii) / Church of England says that casual sex is wrong but it does recognise that some couples in long term committed relationships do have sex before they marry, etc. Teaches that sex outside marriage is wrong / as it can damage spiritual development / there are many religious stories that warn about unrestricted sexual activities / students are expected to remain chaste / and seek to advance themselves educationally and spiritually / at the householder stage Hindus can seek kama (physical pleasure) through marriage / sex is a gift from the Ultimate Reality (God) for enjoyment / to have children / and must be treated with respect, etc. Sex before marriage is expressly forbidden in the Qur’an / is punishable by flogging / sex is a gift from Allah / needs to be controlled hence modest dress and avoidance of actions that lead others into sexual temptation / Muslims should be aware of anything that could open the door to improper sexual behaviour / ‘A man should not stay with a woman in seclusion unless he is a Dhu-Mahram (relative)’ Hadith / ‘The only way to protect all within society is to maintain a society where only a man and his wife share the act of sex.’ Abdul Wahid Hamid, etc. Sex before marriage is expressly forbidden / it is thought to cheapen sex / and lower a person’s self- respect / sex is a wonderful gift but should be carried out only at the proper time and with the proper intention / sex should only be within a stable committed marriage / ‘Hence a man leaves his father and mother and clings to his wife, so that they become one flesh’ Genesis 2:24, etc. Sex before marriage is expressly forbidden / The Rehat Maryada (Sikh Code of Conduct) says that anyone who has sexual relations outside marriage is not a true Sikh / Sikhs try to avoid things that might tempt them to have sex / such as dancing with the opposite sex / mixing with them without a chaperone / Guru Granth Sahib teaches Sikhs to avoid things that produce evil thoughts in the mind / ‘For a moment of sexual pleasure, you shall suffer in pain for millions of days’ GGS 403, etc.
Q1.4: Explain two religious views about same-sex parents.
Refer to sacred writings or another source of religious belief and teaching in your answer.
Answer:
parenting / the most important thing being that the children are raised in a secure, loving environment, The Guru Granth Sahib supports heterosexual relationships / marriage / parenthood / same-sex parenting may not be seen as part of a Sikh lifestyle / More liberal Sikhs who do not oppose same-se relationships think it is more important for children to be raised in a secure loving family regardless of t gender of their parents / Sikhs more interested in attaining enlightenment and becoming one with God less concerned with a person’s sexuality, etc.
Q1.5: ‘Gender discrimination is always wrong.’
Evaluate this statement. In your answer you: • should give reasoned arguments in support of this statement • should give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view • should refer to religious arguments • may refer to non-religious arguments • should reach a justified conclusion.
Extra space
Q2 Theme B: Religion, peace and conflict
Answer:
In your answer you: • should give reasoned arguments in support of this statement • should give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view [Plus SPaG 3 marks] significance and influence understanding of relevant evidence and information. relevant evidence and information. Clear reference to religion. evidence and information. evidence and arguments must be credited.
Arguments in support
• Humans created by God. • All are equal before God. • Prejudiced attitudes cause people to act in unloving way and potentially discriminatory ways. • Discrimination causes hurt and upset and so not a loving thing to do. • Discrimination causes injustice. • Discrimination prevents a person fulfilling their potential and stops them becoming the person God wants them to be, etc.
Arguments in support of other views
• Some religious believers see gender differences as the result of different roles rather than • Much religious teaching supports differences in roles and it cannot be explained away just because it is old and inconvenient. • Men and women’s roles are complementary. • What appears to be discrimination in a religion may be cultural expectation rather than religious • Some people may see discrimination when it is not there eg some Muslim women do not regard the burqa as a problem. • Some may support positive discrimination in promoting equality for example within the workplace, allowing women priests etc. Today most Buddhists believe that men and women should have and can have equal status / Women and men have equal potential for enlightenment / ‘If a man denies the possibility of enlightenment of women then his own enlightenment is impossible (Lotus Sutra) / Women have been able to become nuns in the Mahayana tradition for many centuries / In 2015 the Dalai Lama said he saw no reason why a future Dalai Lama could not be a woman / many western Buddhist organisations accept women as senior teachers / practising discrimination would be an unskilful action / Right Action / Right Intention / promoting metta / karuna / everyone is equal as everyone is welcome in the sangha, etc. Christianity very clear that discrimination is wrong / all are made in God’s image / all equal before God / ‘There is no Jew nor Gentile, slave nor freeman, male nor female, all are one in Christ Jesus’ (Galatians 3:28) / ’Love your neighbour as you love yourself’ / ‘Do unto others what you would have done to you’ (Matthew 7:12) / In the early church there is evidence of women having leading roles eg Dorcas in Joppa / teaching that appears to be prejudiced to women may not be so on closer inspection / Paul’s instruction on the role of women in some of his letters appear to have been for that time in allowing the church to be a distinct witness against the practices that were going on at the time / so should not be used to limit the role of women today / many more liberal denominations allow women a full role in all aspects of church life / Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches however do not allow women to be ordained, etc. ‘Where women are honoured there the gods are pleased’ (Manusmriti) / ‘Good treatment of women is seen as a blessing’ (Laws of Manu / Hindus believe in ahimsa / love / respect for all things / Hindus will greet each other with ‘namaste’ meaning ‘I honour the God within you’ recognising that we all have the divine within us and therefore are equal / compassion is a key belief with a desire to improve things for people rather than hurt them / traditional roles are laid down for man and women through life / all Brahmin priests are male, etc. Allah created all people equal from a single soul and with the same human nature (Qur’an 49:13) / Men and women have the same religious and moral responsibilities and God will reward them for their good deeds (Qur’an 16:97) / The Five Pillars apply to all equally / Hajj, everyone is equal in dress and action / ‘I shall not lose sight of any who labours in My way, be it man or woman; each of you is equal to the other’ (Qur’an 3:195) / all religious leaders are men / Women do not pray at the front of the mosque, etc. God made men and women in his image / men and women have equal value and status / traditionally women’s role has been different to that of men / men seen as responsible for providing an income and dealing with matters outside of the house / women looking after the home and children / however there is nothing to stop these roles being reversed / Orthodox Judaism only has male rabbis and the minyan only counts male Jews / women and men are separate / Reformed and Liberal synagogues men and women will mix / women will take a full role in the worship of the synagogue / women rabbis / after their Bat Mitzvah, girls are counted in the minyan, etc. Women may take part in all religious activities, including reading the Guru Granth Sahib / women therefore have equal status to men / Rehat Maryada places no restrictions on women other than that, as with men, modest clothing should be worn / initiation ceremony into the Khalsa is available to men and women / women are given the name Kaur so do not have to take their husband’s name / ‘Waheguru is neither male nor female’ (GGS) / ‘The Beloved Himself enjoys every heart; He is contained within every woman and man’ (GGS 605), etc. [Plus SPaG 3 marks] Q2 Theme D: Religion, peace and conflict
Q2.1: Which one of the following describes what is right and fair, as required by the law?
Put a tick () in the box next to the correct answer. A Forgiveness B Greed C Justice D Selfishness
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Answer: C Justice
Q2.2: Give two reasons why most religious people are against terrorism.
Question 2 continues on the next page
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Terrorism is indiscriminate in causing suffering / innocent people and civilians are targeted / often results in death, which is against the sanctity of life / no religion promotes terrorism / goes against the first precept / caused by hatred – one of the three poisons in Buddhism / some are pacifists and do not believe in any violence / not loving your neighbour / concept of ahimsa / scaring and hurting people is the wrong way to resolve issues / it is against the law (illegal), etc.
Q2.3: Explain two contrasting religious beliefs in contemporary British society about
pacifism. In your answer you should refer to the main religious tradition of Great Britain and one or more other religious traditions.
Answer:
similarities and differences within and/or between religions and beliefs First contrasting belief Second contrasting belief Students must refer explicitly to a belief from Christianity, so showing that they know and understand that the main religious tradition of Great Britain is Christian. The belief they choose to explain may vary according to the denomination or tradition they refer to. If similar views are given only one of them may be credited up to 2 marks max. If students do not refer to the main religious tradition of Great Britain (Christianity) a maximum of 2 marks may be awarded. Some people in Britain today believe that pacifism is right because killing can never be justified / religious believers support the idea of the sanctity of life / God gives life-only God should take it so it is wrong to fight in a war in which people will be killed / religions have laws such as ‘do not kill’ and so some will not fight, etc. Some believe that war is the sometimes the best option and would not support being a pacifist / they would fight in a ‘Just War’ or to stop genocide taking place, etc. Peace and non-violence are core beliefs in Buddhism / idea of ahimsa (not harming a living thing) / right action / first precept (not to harm any living thing) / karuna (compassion) / some Mahayana Buddhists believe killing is acceptable if it saves further lives, etc. Pacifist Christians believe they are following the example of Jesus / ‘turn the other cheek’ / ‘do not kill’ / some Christian pacifists assist the war effort in non-combat roles / Quakers are pacifists / Jesus taught ‘Blessed are the peacemakers’ / just war may justify fighting / sometimes it is better to fight to save lives and protect a country or way of life (eg WW2), etc. Non-violence builds good karma / concept of ahimsa / life should be respected / pacifism follows example of Mahatma Gandhi / some Hindus believe in fighting under certain circumstances to protect life / in the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna advised Arjuna to fight / may be acting in self-defence, The root of word Islam means peace / peace features in main Muslim greeting (Salaam) / peace and reconciliation are better than fighting / wrong to return evil with evil / God forgives and expects people to do the same / no duty to be a pacifist because lesser jihad permits violence in defence of Muslims and Muslim countries / will fight in a Holy or Just War, etc. Shalom (Peace be upon you) is main Jewish greeting / truth, justice and peace keep the world safe / Jews look forward to time of peace because they have suffered greatly in history, eg the Holocaust / commandment ‘do not kill’/ Jews will fight if it promotes greater good and in self-defence, etc. Peace is a gift from God / Sikhs believe in the principle of non-violence / believe it is important to work at preventing war and violence / Guru Nanak preached peace and the importance of finding the root cause of the conflict / later gurus permitted violence in self-defence and in defence of the
Q2.4: Explain two reasons why some religious people support the just war theory.
Refer to sacred writings or another source of religious belief and teaching in your answer.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Relevant and accurate reference to sacred writings or another source of religious belief and teaching – 1 mark NB. Responses which only give an outline of a just war theory should receive no more than Sometimes to do nothing would be to allow injustices to continue / it may be seen as the lesser of two evils / it may be seen as right for religious believers to fight if there is a just reason for a war / such as it has a just cause eg to defend their country / lawfully declared by proper authority like the government / has a good intention eg to overthrow an evil dictator / is the last resort eg after sanctions and diplomacy have failed / there is a reasonable chance of success – of winning the war / fought by just means, not by weapons with are banned eg chemical weapons / the good achieved will outweigh the evil and peace restored / avoidance where possible of injury to civilians / care is taken to protect trees, crops and animals / need to overthrow a cruel dictator / stop genocide or other atrocities / bring freedom to a country where the people are oppressed / defend faith and freedoms / in self-defence against an invading army / religious believers like St Augustine and Thomas Aquinas developed the criteria for the Just War theory, etc. Most Buddhists do not believe in fighting but Mahayana Buddhists may agree to fight to save innocent lives or in self-defence / the Dalai Lama has said, ‘If someone has a gun and is trying to kill you, it would be reasonable to shoot back with your own gun’, etc. Many Christians are prepared to fight for their country or religion against evil / many stories in the Old Testament of wars promote heroes in battles eg David against Goliath / St Augustine and Thomas Aquinas developed the criteria for the Just War theory / Jesus used violence in the Temple to throw out those who were exploiting the pilgrims, etc. Hindus believe war is justified if it is in self-defence or fighting for freedom from oppression or the establishment or restoration of good government / have a warrior caste (Kshatriyas) / ‘For a warrior, nothing is higher than a war against evil’ – Bhagavad Gita 2:31 / Krishna gave Arjuna four reasons for fighting which included the duty of his varna required him to act as a warrior / prepared to fight if war achieves more good than the evil it is trying to destroy, etc. Muslims believe in the lesser jihad – a military struggle in defence of Islam, self-defence and justice / if a country is mistreating its Islamic citizens, it is permissible to fight in support of fellow Muslims / Muslims believe that those who fight for Islam will receive the favour and reward of God – Qur’an 4 : 74 / although believing in the just war principles, Muslims believe that it is much better if war can be Many Jewish believers do join the armed forces / many Jews believe in pre-emptive strikes to overcome evil / many stories of war heroes in the Tenakh eg Joshua, Samson, King David and Gideon / some wars are regarded as obligatory, others defensive wars and others optional wars / no specific just war theory in Judaism but many accept the Just War theory criteria / many suffered during the Holocaust and many Jews believe it right to stand up against evil wherever it occurs, etc. The Sikhs’ kirpan symbolizes the willingness to defend people’s religious freedom, dignity and self- defence / will fight against injustice but not for revenge / many Sikhs fought with the allied troops in the First and Second World Wars / Sikhs have developed a Just War theory called dharam yudh (war in defence of righteousness) / war has to be morally justified and everything else tried first / ‘When matters pass all other means, it is allowed to take up arms’ – Guru Gobind Singh, etc.
Q2.5: ‘It is wrong for any country to have weapons of mass destruction.’
Evaluate this statement. In your answer you: • should give reasoned arguments in support of this statement • should give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view • should refer to religious arguments • may refer to non-religious arguments • should reach a justified conclusion.
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Answer:
In your answer you: • should give reasoned arguments in support of this statement • should give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view [Plus SPaG 3 marks] significance and influence understanding of relevant evidence and information. References to religion applied to the issue. relevant evidence and information. Clear reference to religion. evidence and information. evidence and arguments must be credited.
Arguments in support
• If used, weapons of mass destruction may kill thousands of innocent people and wildlife and cause immense suffering. • If weapons of mass destruction are used, the conflict may escalate and destroy the planet so they should be destroyed. • Weapons of mass destruction are hugely expensive and it is unlikely that they will ever be used so there is no point in having them. • Accidents could occur which could have a devastating impact, etc.
Arguments in support of other views
• Weapons of mass destruction may serve as a deterrent and help to prevent war. • Countries that possess weapons of mass destruction can be considered to be safer than those • The existence of nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction has kept the peace in Europe since end of WW2. • As the technology to make them exists, the clock cannot be turned back to ‘uninvent’ them. • Mutually Assured Destruction, etc. Harming living things is wrong (1st precept) and weapons of mass destruction cause massive harm / weapons of mass destruction do not help to show compassion / deterrence is against Buddhism because it is based on fear / Buddhists are permitted to fight but nuclear weapons are disproportional / use of weapons of mass destruction is likely to involve selfishness and greed / money could be better spent on providing for the poor and disadvantaged / ‘The mechanisation of war …poses an increasing threat to peace.’ (Dalai Lama), etc. Christians are encouraged to work towards peace / following the peaceful example of Jesus would rule out weapons of mass destruction / weapons of mass destruction disobey the just war criteria (proportionality) / potential for massive civilian casualties / against the sanctity of life / ‘do not kill’ / ‘love your neighbour’ (may be the more loving thing to do if it ends violence) / nuclear weapons have proved to be a deterrent and have helped to keep the peace / they could be used as a last resort in the most serious of circumstances, especially if they prevent further suffering, etc. Weapons of mass destruction are against ahimsa / give bad karma / even if war is justified, it should not cause unnecessary suffering, especially to civilians which weapons of mass destruction does / nuclear weapons are aggressive not defensive / fighting is justified in self-defence and to protect the vulnerable if under threat but weapons of mass destruction are not proportional, etc. Use of weapons of mass destruction is wrong because it could destroy the world God created for humankind / they don’t reflect a belief in peace / war should be in defence but weapons of mass destruction are aggressive, not defensive / nuclear weapons do not fulfil lesser jihad / money could be used better on providing for the poor / some Muslim countries, eg Pakistan, have nuclear weapons as deterrence and for self-defence but have never used them, etc. Teachings on peace, justice and sanctity of life rule out the use of weapons of mass destruction / using weapons of mass destruction are contrary to stewardship of God’s earth / mass destruction is unacceptable conduct in war / teachings such as ‘do not kill’ / peace should not be built on fear / Israel possesses nuclear weapons and relies on other countries with them / in Israel’s history, there have been occasions where large numbers were killed in battle eg the conquest of Canaan, etc. Only minimum force should be used in wars, weapons of mass destruction are maximum force / civilians should be protected but weapons of mass destruction kill thousands over a large area / everybody has an equal right to life so using such weapons is completely unacceptable / ‘No one is my enemy and neither is he a stranger, because I am a friend of all.’ (GGS) / nuclear weapons have kept the peace through fear (eg between India and Pakistan), etc. [Plus SPaG 3 marks]