FoxChild@Learn
Paper 1 Catholic Christianity
June 2021
Q1.1: Which one of the following is part of the Bible?
Put a tick () in the box next to the correct answer. A New Testament B Gaudium et Spes C Vatican Council D Lumen Gentium
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Answer: A New Testament.
Q1.2: Give two ways in which Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam shows that
human beings were made in the image of God.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority God portrayed as a human / Adam shown as a perfect man / the body of God is muscular like Adam’s / Adam and God lie in similar poses / their fingers nearly touch, showing close contact between God and humanity / humans have a unique place in the creation, etc.
Q1.3: Explain two contrasting Christian views about the meaning of the phrase,
‘The Bible is the word of God’.
Answer:
similarities and differences within and/or between religions and beliefs First contrasting view Second contrasting view If similar ways are given, only one of them may be credited up to two marks. A fundamentalist approach would interpret the Bible as accurate in all respects / God gave humans his truth / God would not mislead people / humans should not prefer their own interpretations to the actual words of God / literalists would believe that every word in the Bible is accurate / eg that the world is much younger than scientists claim / that creation stories are literally true, etc. Other Christians interpret the Bible as divinely inspired but reflecting the thoughts and attitudes of the times in which the stories were written / should not be interpreted literally / God uses the authors to convey his message / the intention of the sacred writers should be taken into consideration / literary forms should be considered / eg many Christians see the Genesis stories as myths that convey religious truths but not scientific facts / Catholics believe the Magisterium makes the truths of the Bible relevant to the modern world, etc.
Q1.4: Explain two reasons why Catholics believe in the dignity of all human beings.
Refer to scripture or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Relevant and accurate reference to scripture or another source of Christian belief and teaching – 1 mark Catholics believe humans were made in the image of God (imago dei) / therefore everyone is equal because everyone shares in the qualities of God / all people are loved by God / people are part of God’s creation so should not be mistreated / human relationships are important to God / God gave humans free will to express their own beliefs freely / this freedom should be respected / along with this freedom comes the responsibility to respect the dignity of self and others / everyone is a child of God / all life is sacred as God saw that it was ‘good’ / God’s grace is available to all /the command to love one’s neighbour requires giving respect to others / underpins the belief in the dignity of all human beings, etc.
Sources of authority:
References to Genesis 1 and 2, to the concept of ‘imago dei’ and to John Paul II’s Theology of the ‘The earth was here before us and it has been given to us… [there is] a relationship of mutual responsibility between human beings and nature… This responsibility for God’s earth means that human beings…must respect the laws of nature and the delicate [balance] existing between the creatures of this world.’ (Laudato Si 67–68) ‘Every person, from the first moment of his life in the womb, has an inviolable dignity, because from all eternity God willed, loved, created and redeemed that person and destined him for eternal happiness.’ (Youcat 280) ‘Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, which you have from God, and that you are not your own? For you were bought with a price; therefore glorify God in your body.’ (1 Corinthians 6:19–20) Accept all other sources of authority that correctly support the teachings given.
Q1.5: ‘Every Christian should support environmental sustainability projects.’
Evaluate this statement. In your answer you should: • give reasoned arguments to support this statement • give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view • refer to Christian teaching • reach a justified conclusion.
[SPaG 3 marks]
Extra space
Q2 Incarnation
Answer:
In your answer you should: • give reasoned arguments to support this statement • give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view understanding of relevant evidence and information. References to religion applied to the issue. evidence and information. Clear reference to religion. evidence and information.
Arguments in support
Sustainability means only using natural resources at a rate at which they can be replaced / all Christians have a duty to care for God’s creation / duty of stewardship means that humans should not abuse the environment / ‘We recognise the intimate relationship between protecting and sustaining the environment and promoting human development… we are enriched by living simply.’ CAFOD / Pope Francis calls for a ‘bottoms up’ approach – caring for the poorest to create a better balance between everyone to ensure sustainability / exploiting nature will ruin the lives of future generations / the UN’s 17 sustainable development goals should be supported by all / if resources become scarce there will be more reason for wars / every Christian can do something to live more simply / recycle / help the poor in developing countries / demonstrate for climate action / write to MPs, etc.
Arguments in support of other views
Governments need to take sustainability seriously not individual Christians / not everyone is in a position to support sustainability projects / the problem is too big for individuals / God put people in charge of creation to use as they please / Christians may have no influence over developing countries’ policies / people may be put out of work if over-fishing or deforestation is stopped / it is wrong for rich countries to tell poor countries to limit their industrial development even if it is harmful to the environment, etc. [Plus SPaG 3 marks]
Q2.1: Which one of the following is not used as a title for Jesus?
Put a tick () in the box next to the correct answer. A Son of Man B Divine Word C Son of God D Divine Spirit
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Answer: D Divine Spirit.
Q2.2: Give two Catholic beliefs about grace.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority God’s free gift of his unconditional love to the believer / sacraments (outward signs of inward grace) are a means of God giving grace to the believer / grace is the life of God freely given / participation in the life of God / life force of the Trinity / undeserved gift of love / inward call to the believer / grace increases in the believer every time a sacrament is received / sin results in a loss of grace, so forgiveness is needed / grace can be seen in the loving creation of humans by God / grace can be seen in the love of God in Jesus Christ which brings salvation from sin / ‘Grace is favour, the free and undeserved help that God gives us to respond to his call to become children of God…’ (Catechism Accept ‘a prayer said before meals’ for 1 mark.
Q2.3: Explain two contrasting Christian views about statues of Jesus.
Answer:
similarities and differences within and/or between religions and beliefs First contrasting view Second contrasting view If similar views are given, only one of them may be credited up to two marks. Some Christians think making / using statues of Jesus is against the second commandment / which forbids using images in worship / it is not possible to know what Jesus looked like / Jesus is God’s Son, so infinite / portraying Jesus could lessen understanding of his divinity, etc. Other Christians think statues of Jesus can help them concentrate on aspects of his teaching and life / eg a crucifix can remind people of his suffering / great love in sacrificing himself for humankind / a Sacred Heart statue can show his burning love for people / Christ the Redeemer can show his sacrifice and love of all people / the invisible God can be revealed to people through an image of Jesus which can be related to by human beings, etc. Some Christians identify with Jesus as a human being / others venerate Jesus as God, etc. Accept contrasts between different representations of Jesus.
Q2.4: Explain two teachings of Irenaeus about the incarnation of Jesus.
Refer to scripture or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Relevant and accurate reference to scripture or another source of Christian belief and teaching – 1 mark According to Irenaeus, the incarnation of Jesus was important because Jesus is the meeting point between God and humanity / the Son was with the Father from the beginning (John 1:1–3) / the Son as Word of God spoke through the Old Testament prophets and inspired people through visions and dreams / humans receive God’s grace through Jesus / the Word (Jesus) shows people what the invisible God is like / the qualities humans value in Jesus are those found in God / Jesus gives humans an idea of the nature of God through his life and actions / God is not hidden from humans / Jesus is not only truly God but is truly human, showing human qualities in their most perfect form / Jesus is totally open to God’s working in his life / he sets the example for all to follow / Jesus is the one who is fully alive so it is true to say ‘Life in man is the glory of God’ (or in another translation, ‘the glory of God is a human being, fully alive’), etc.
Sources of authority:
The main source of authority is likely to be Adversus Haereses 4:20:7: ‘From the beginning the Son is the one who teaches us about the Father; he is with the Father from the beginning. He was to reveal to the human race visions of prophecy, the diversity of spiritual gifts, his own ways of ministry, the glorification of the Father, all in due order and harmony, at the appointed time and for our instruction. Where there is order, there is also harmony; where there is harmony, there is also correct timing; where there is correct timing, there is also advantage. The Word became the steward of the Father’s grace for the advantage of men, for whose benefit he made such wonderful arrangements. He revealed God to men and presented men to God. He safeguarded the invisibility of the Father to prevent man from treating God with contempt and to set before him a constant goal toward which to make progress. On the other hand, he revealed God to men and made him visible in many ways to prevent man from being totally separated from God and so cease to be. Life in man is the glory of God; the life of man is the vision of God. If the revelation of God through creation gives life to all who live upon the earth, much more does the manifestation of the Father through the Word give life to those who see God.’ (Adversus ‘In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came into being through him, and without him not one thing came into being…’ (John 1:1–3) ‘Whoever has seen me has seen the Father …’ (John 14:9) ‘He is the image of the invisible God’ (Colossians 1:15) Accept all other sources of authority that correctly support the teachings given.
Q2.5: ‘For Christians, taking the life of an unborn child (abortion) is always wrong.’
Evaluate this statement. In your answer you should: • give reasoned arguments to support this statement • give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view • refer to Christian teaching • reach a justified conclusion.
[SPaG 3 marks]
Extra space
Q3 Church and the Kingdom of God
Answer:
In your answer you should: • give reasoned arguments to support this statement • give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view understanding of relevant evidence and information. References to religion applied to the issue. evidence and information. Clear reference to religion. evidence and information.
Arguments in support
God created humans in his image (imago dei) / all human life should be protected / the foetus is a child (and has a soul) from the first moment of conception / the example of Mary’s visit to Elizabeth shows that Jesus was present in his mother’s womb from the moment of conception / life is given by God, only God can take it away (‘sanctity of life’ explained) / an unborn baby has the same rights as babies which are born / every baby is unique – one cannot know how valuable that child’s life might be / abortion can be used selfishly as birth control or for social reasons which is wrong / a disabled foetus should have the same rights as a ‘perfect’ foetus / differently abled people can live happy and fulfilled lives so this is not a reason for abortion / ‘Man’s life comes from God…God therefore is the sole Lord of this life: man cannot do with it as he wills’ (Evangelium Vitae 39) / ‘From the moment of its conception life must be guarded with the greatest care while abortion and infanticide are unspeakable crimes’ (Gaudium et Spes 51), etc.
Arguments in support of other views
Some Christians think that abortion may not always be wrong, it depends on circumstances / a severely disabled baby will not have a good ‘quality of life’ / it is cruel to bring such a baby into the world / parents might have to consider the effect having a disabled child might have on their family in terms of care and financial problems, etc. / the decision should be the mother’s as it is her body / only she will know if she can cope / in the case of rape, a woman may feel unable to continue with the pregnancy / risk to the life or health of the mother outweighs consideration given to the rights of the baby (principle of double effect) / it is a matter for an individual’s conscience / it is important for a Christian to do the most loving thing, etc. [Plus SPaG 3 marks] Q3 Church and the Kingdom of God
Q3.1: Which one of the following is the meaning of the term ‘apostolic succession’?
Put a tick () in the box next to the correct answer. A The teaching of the apostles about the Kingdom of God. B The different tasks the apostles were given in the early church. C The power of the apostles passed on to the next generations of bishops. D The message the apostles gave to the earliest Christians.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Answer: C The power of the apostles passed on to the next generations of bishops.
Q3.2: Give two ways in which a Catholic agency helps people in the local community
in the UK.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority An agency like the SVP (St Vincent de Paul Society) offers practical help / eg members visit people in hospitals / in care homes / in prisons / give support to the sick / elderly / help with shopping / supply food to those without / help to improve someone’s home / soup runs for the homeless / summer camps for children / furniture stores to provide free furniture / advice to asylum seekers / run food banks / hardship fund set up to support those who have lost employment in the pandemic, etc. NB Credit should be given for correct ways. Ignore the names of organisations. The focus is on the local community in the UK.
Q3.3: Explain two ways in which going on a pilgrimage can influence Christians.
Answer:
influence on individuals, communities and societies To be a ‘detailed explanation’, the influence of the way must be included. Going on a pilgrimage can help Christians to deepen their faith / renew their commitment to their faith / give an opportunity for deeper prayer / be a means of forgiveness for sin / physical healing / spiritual healing / increase selflessness by doing charitable works for others / eg by taking people to Lourdes, Pilgrimage can help Catholics learn more about places connected to their faith / give them a sense of tradition / experience the support of other believers / remind Catholics that all of life is a pilgrimage,
Q3.4: Explain two teachings about the Kingdom of God in the Lord’s Prayer.
Refer to scripture or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Relevant and accurate reference to scripture or another source of Christian belief and teaching – 1 mark In the Lord’s Prayer people say ‘Thy kingdom come’ / a prayer of hope that people accept God’s rule in their hearts / a prayer for the Church, the Body of Christ on earth, which is a sign of the Kingdom present on earth / acceptance of the call to become members of God’s Kingdom / commitment to spread the Kingdom by living according to Jesus’ teachings / the prayer teaches what is required for the Kingdom to be established / eg God’s will be done on earth as it is in heaven / forgiveness for others as people themselves wish to be forgiven / ‘deliver us from evil’ shows resisting sin is important / ‘Thy Kingdom come’ also looks forward to the completion of the Kingdom at the end of time / for Christ to come again as he promised / eternal happiness in heaven / God’s reign on earth to come to fruition and prevail, etc.
Sources of authority:
‘Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name; thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power and the glory are yours, now and forever.’ (The Lord’s Prayer) ‘the Kingdom of God is among you’ (Luke 17:21) ‘When we pray, ‘Thy Kingdom come’, we call for Christ to come again, as he promised, and for God’s reign, which has already begun here on earth, to prevail definitively.’ (Youcat) ‘The time is fulfilled, and the Kingdom of God has come near; repent, and believe in the good news’ Accept all other sources of authority that correctly support the teachings given.
Q3.5: ‘The Magisterium (the teaching authority of the Church) gives Catholics all the
teaching they need to follow Christ.’ Evaluate this statement. In your answer you should: • give reasoned arguments to support this statement • give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view • refer to Christian teaching • reach a justified conclusion.
[SPaG 3 marks]
Extra space
Q4 Eschatology
Answer:
In your answer you should: • give reasoned arguments to support this statement • give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view understanding of relevant evidence and information. References to religion applied to the issue. evidence and information. Clear reference to religion. evidence and information.
Arguments in support
The Magisterium is the combined authority of the Bishops and the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) / it is the teaching authority of the Church which Catholics should follow / the whole Church is guided by the Holy Spirit so the Magisterium speaks with God’s authority / therefore the Church cannot go wrong in its definitive teachings (is infallible) / the Pope and bishops are the successors to St Peter and the other apostles who knew Jesus / therefore the teachings of the first witnesses to Jesus’ life, death and resurrection are all a Catholic needs / the Magisterium teaches about modern social issues that are not specifically in the Bible / Catholics need guidance from the Magisterium to be able to interpret the scriptures correctly, etc.
Arguments in support of other views
Catholics need more teaching than that of the Magisterium / the New Testament is more important because it was written closer to the time of Jesus / the Bible is God’s word, not the interpretations of the Church / it is possible to ‘follow Christ’ without knowing much about the Magisterium / prayer is more important / living a good life as a Christian can be done without reference to the Magisterium / some Catholics will not even know what the Magisterium is or says about faith / a Sunday sermon may be more helpful to some rather than reading documents from the Magisterium / Catholics need both scripture and the Magisterium to follow Christ, etc. [Plus SPaG 3 marks]
Q4.1: Which one of the following is not an occasion when the Paschal candle is used?
Put a tick () in the box next to the correct answer. A A baptism B Good Friday C A funeral D Easter Vigil
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Answer: B Good Friday.
Q4.2: Give two of the Four Last Things.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Death / judgement / heaven / hell.
Q4.3: Explain two ways in which a belief in purgatory influences Catholics.
Answer:
influence on individuals, communities and societies To be a ‘detailed explanation’, the influence of the way must be included. Purgatory is a state of cleansing to remove the effects of sin / often thought of as a state of pain / belief in purgatory may influence Catholics to live as holy a life as possible to avoid going through the process of purgatory, etc. Belief in purgatory influences Catholics to pray for the dead who may be suffering because they are ashamed of their sins / may give hope to sinners / that they will be cleansed and accepted into heaven / given a second chance, etc. Some Catholics may not believe in purgatory, so they will not be influenced by the belief, etc.
Q4.4: Explain two Catholic teachings about eschatology (the end of time).
Refer to scripture or another source of Christian belief and teaching in your answer.
Answer:
beliefs, practices and sources of authority Relevant and accurate reference to scripture or another source of Christian belief and teaching – 1 mark At the end of time, Christ will come in glory as judge and saviour / no one is predestined to go to heaven or hell / people have free will to choose God or not / God does not send people to hell / people who choose to reject God send themselves to hell / people should be constantly preparing for the end of time / no one knows when the end of time will occur / one of the roles of the Church is to prepare for the end of time / the Church is not in its perfect form, but a community of sinners trying to reach perfection / everyone is called to belong to the Church / people should follow Jesus’ teachings throughout their lives to prepare / people should keep faith in God / perform good deeds that share God’s love with others / do not commit mortal sins (eg murder / adultery) which destroy people’s relationships with God / if people commit a mortal sin they should confess and be sorry / it is difficult to say what will happen at the end of time / cosmic disasters will precede the coming of the Son of Man on the clouds of heaven / judgement will take place as described in the parable of the Sheep and Goats, etc.
Sources of authority:
‘Since however we know not the day nor the hour, on Our Lord’s advice we must be constantly vigilant’ (Lumen Gentium 48) ‘The promised restoration which we are awaiting has already begun in Christ, is carried forward in the mission of the Holy Spirit and through Him continues in the Church in which we learn the meaning of our terrestrial life through our faith, while we perform with hope in the future the work committed to us in this world by the Father, and thus work out our salvation.’ (Lumen Gentium 48) ‘The Church, to which we are all called in Christ Jesus, and in which we acquire sanctity through the grace of God, will attain its full perfection only in the glory of heaven, when there will come the time of restoration of all things. At that time the human race as well as the entire world, which is intimately related to man and attains to its end through him, will be perfectly re-established in Christ.’ (Lumen ‘God predestines no one to go to hell; for this, a wilful turning away from God (a mortal sin) is necessary, and persistence in it until the end.’ (Catechism 1037) ‘The Church’s task is to make the kingdom of God which has already begun with Jesus, germinate and grow in all nations… the Church, for all her weakness, is a formidable bit of heaven on earth.’ ‘The sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light, and the stars will be falling from heaven, and the powers in the heavens will be shaken.’ (Mark 13:24–25) Parable of Sheep and Goats (Matthew 25:31–46) Accept all other sources of authority that correctly support the teachings given.
Q4.5: ‘Catholic beliefs about life after death mean that funerals should be joyful occasions.’
Evaluate this statement. In your answer you should: • give reasoned arguments to support this statement • give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view • refer to Christian teaching • reach a justified conclusion.
[SPaG 3 marks]
Extra space
Question . number .
Question . number . Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk. been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team. Copyright © 2021 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
216G8063/1
Answer:
In your answer you should: • give reasoned arguments to support this statement • give reasoned arguments to support a different point of view understanding of relevant evidence and information. References to religion applied to the issue. evidence and information. Clear reference to religion. evidence and information.
Arguments in support
The Catholic funeral rite gives mourners hope / emphasises the belief that the deceased is experiencing eternal happiness in heaven / the person’s sins have been forgiven / God has judged them and received them into heaven / the funeral Mass is called a ‘requiem’ meaning ‘rest’ which shows the person is at rest with God / the coffin is sprinkled with holy water as a reminder of baptism / the Paschal candle is lit showing the light of Christ shining on the person / the Gospels are laid on the coffin symbolizing faith in Jesus / a cross is laid on it to represent the redemption of humanity by Jesus’ death / incense of the coffin shows the prayers of the faithful being offered for the person / the readings focus on the effects of Christ’s resurrection / ‘I am the resurrection and the life. Those who believe in me, even though they die, will live, and everyone who lives and believes in me will never die’ (John 11:25–26) / a special Eucharistic prayer is used that the person will be united with Christ in his resurrection / be transformed as Christ was to a ‘glorious body’ / ‘May the angels lead you to paradise and with poor man Lazarus of old may you enjoy eternal life’ / mourners hope they will be reunited with their loved one in heaven / through this the mourners receive comfort and consolation,
Arguments in support of other views
The funeral rite is a solemn occasion rather than happy / mourners are very sad at the loss of someone they love / no ritual or symbolic actions can make the occasion happy at such a time / the feelings of loss can be overwhelming / Jesus wept at the tomb of Lazarus despite having the power to raise Lazarus from the dead / symbols such as the Gospels, Paschal candle, etc. may remind some mourners of a person’s lack of faith, if they were not particularly faithful Catholics / some mourners may have questioned God at this very sad time, so find the funeral rite meaningless for them / only those with faith in resurrection will be comforted / the ceremony is over-elaborate for some people / some Catholics may ask for a Catholic funeral rite because of family pressure / for the sake of tradition, etc. [Plus SPaG 3 marks]