Paper 1 Section B/E: Conflict and tension in

June 2022

Q1: Source A is critical of President Bush. How do you know?

Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge. Study Sources B and C in the Sources Booklet.

Answer:

features of the source. For example, the cartoon was produced when a new President had taken over and so will criticise the previous one for his mistakes. It suggests that Bush’s memoirs might avoid issues about the real problems facing Iraq. Iraq was suffering from many civilian deaths due to the continuing Insurgency and a For example, the cartoon shows that Obama’s view that Bush had left Iraq in a ‘mess’ and the image makes fun of him holding a crayon and not remembering things as they really were.

Q2: How useful are Sources B and C to an historian studying the 11 September attacks

on the United States? Explain your answer using Sources B and C and your contextual knowledge.

Answer:

In analysing and evaluating sources, students will draw on their contextual example, the context of the time in which source was created, place, author’s evaluate the relationship between the sources based on analysis of For example, taken together the sources are useful because they illustrate how the US and its allies quickly reacted to the attacks. Source B shows the confidence that Americans had in their power in the face of a terrified enemy. The artist that created Source B was trying to paint an image of the ability of the US to assert its strength. This contrasts with Source C which looked for a wider response and urged countries to stand together and work with the UN to undermine and weaken terrorism. However, the reality was that while NATO stood with the US, the UN was more cautious, despite Blair’s appeal, it did not vote for military action. For example, the cartoon is useful for showing the opinion that the US had tremendous power which it would use to defeat terrorism. The purpose of the cartoon was to appeal to American patriotism and encourage support for whatever measures would be taken to deal with the threat. The suggestion is that the way terrorism is caricatured shows that America would be victorious over a weak and frightened enemy. Source C is useful for giving information about the wider reaction to the attacks. For example, Blair considered that Britain was already at war because of the attack on British civilians in the Twin Towers. NATO members also joined the chorus of anger and sent forces as part of the coalition to For example, Source B was published in America. It gives an American view that in 2001 the US was ready to use the great power it had to pursue and For example, Source C shows that Blair, as an ally of the US and close friend of Bush, was calling on countries to form a coalition and work together to defeat terrorists. For example, NATO forces came together to support the US- UK operations in Afghanistan. to the enquiry point, for example, Source B says that the US would now use its great power against terrorism. Source C shows that countries should work together to fight terrorism.

Q3: Write an account of how Saddam Hussein’s treatment of the Kurds and Shia Muslims

in Iraq led to problems in the Gulf.

Answer:

with complex sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate and example, to an analysis of how/why tension increased at different stages and /or showing understanding about how much each part of the sequence increased tension and led to a crisis. For example, problems were caused for the western coalition as it felt it had to restrain Saddam by imposing no fly zones over Iraq. However, this led to further problems as neighbouring Arab states became increasingly concerned about western actions and some adopted a more hostile attitude to the US and Britain shown, for example, by attacks on embassies. developed sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate factual analysis of how/why tension increased at one stage in the process. For example, problems were caused for the international community which felt it had to intervene and restrain Saddam who was responsible for sectarian violence. No fly zones were imposed by the US, Britain and France to stop For example, in order to maintain Sunni control, biological weapons were used by Saddam Hussein against minority groups, forcing many to flee the country. groups claimed that they were treated as second class citizens and had no civil should demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Q4: ‘The Iran-Iraq War was the main reason for tension in the Gulf in 1990.’

How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [SPaG 4 marks] and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contactthe Copyright Team.

Answer:

explanation of the relationship between causes supported by detailed factual For example, the Iran-Iraq war was a symptom rather than the cause of tensions. The war reflected the religious split between hostile Sunni and Shia states; both sides were led by regimes which had ambitions for status and power given the Iranian Revolution and Saddam’s arrogant and aggressive personality. Further instability was caused by Western interests, and the demand for oil. US behaviour fuelled suspicion across the Arab world, supporting Saddam and Israel at the same time. The war reflected long term tensions which explain its length and bitterness. For example, there was tension in the Gulf because, following the war, areas of dispute had not been settled such as shared use of the Shatt al-Arab waterway, which both countries needed for exports for oil by sea. And when Khomeini died in June 1989, his son vowed to continue the Islamic Revolution and hostility towards Iraq. For example, there were other main reasons for tension; there were underlying religious differences between Sunnis and Shias which were worsened by the interference of the West in the region. The West’s need for oil and continuing support for Israel against hostile Arab neighbours were bound to cause For example, Saddam had survived and he remained an important threat to Gulf stability because he was rearming to reassert his power and status in the region. Dealing with Iraqi debt might mean aggression against other oil rich Iraq would remain enemies because of religious differences between Sunnis powers were concerned about oil supplies. • The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold