Paper 2 Section B/D: Restoration England, 1660–1685

June 2020

Q1: How convincing is Interpretation A about London after the Fire of 1666?

Explain your answer based on your contextual knowledge and what it says in Interpretation A.

Answer:

For example, it is convincing because they did have great ideas to redesign London and they did build a new city with new buildings like St Paul’s Cathedral. However, disputes over land were not settled by the courts, they took long to settle and people wanted to keep what land they owned as it was. So, for this reason there was less change and London looked less like some of the continental cities the King wanted and which he had seen during his exile. more than one aspect of the interpretation. For example, the interpretation correctly suggests that a new city was built and it was of brick rather than wood which had burned easily. There were new rules about what you could build in and it made a great fire less likely in the future. The roads were wider too. For example, there were plans for a ‘new more beautiful city’ drawn up by John Evelyn and Christopher Wren to make London more like Paris with great buildings, wide streets and grand open public squares like those in Italian Answers may show understanding/support for interpretation, but the case is For example, it is true that London was a fire risk because they had so many

Q2: Explain what was important about the slave trade for Restoration England.

Answer:

the consequences of the stated development (the slave trade) in the broader For example, the slave trade was important because the wealth of the Plantation owners paid for elaborate houses and gardens in England. The triangular trade may even have stimulated an industrial revolution. Slavery spread profits to factory owners and workers, ship owners and builders, in England. Ports in England grew, the London docks imported 75% of the sugarcane from the colonies, and Glasgow was the main tobacco port. British governments believed in Mercantilism and the need for national economic competition with other countries. For example, the slave trade was important because it was so profitable during the Restoration period. Charles II set up the Royal African Company in 1672. By the 1680s the company were transporting around 5000 slaves a year across the Atlantic. The slaves were needed to work on the plantations in the Caribbean which produced sugar, cotton, and tobacco. The owners of the plantations in North America and the Caribbean made large amounts of money. The use of slave labour lay behind Restoration fashions for coffee houses, tobacco smoking and sugar in tea which was another colonial import. For example, the slave trade was important because it provided cheap labour for the plantations in the British colonies. They could then grow sugar cane. It avoided the need to pay wages so it made the owners very wealthy. For example, the slave trade was important because Britain made a lot of money from capturing and selling slaves and the work they did in the fields.

Q3: Write an account of the Exclusion Crisis.

Answer:

reasoning supported by a range of accurate and detailed factual knowledge and understanding. For example, an explanation of different impacts/ consequences of change in the broader historical context. For example, Parliament would never allow Charles II to rule in the same way as his father had. Parliament’s strong Anglicanism is shown by the Clarendon Code aimed at Nonconformists. So, the Exclusion Crisis was a crisis because it was about Catholicism and the succession. Forcing Charles to pass the Test Act in 1673 showed Parliament would challenge him, and along with the third Anglo-Dutch war disasters destroyed the Cabal government. Foreign policy was a part of the relationship between Parliament and Charles II because Parliament was upset that they were voting taxes to help support Catholic France’s war against the Protestant Dutch. After 1678, Parliament still feared a French invasion of England. MPs began to link the international situation with the Exclusion Crisis. For example, the big issue was about the succession of the Duke of York who was a Catholic which was the Exclusion crisis. It was a crisis because the issue dominated the Parliament from 1679 to 1681. Parliament tried to pass bills which would exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. At the end of which, in 1681, Charles dissolved the Oxford Parliament and ruled without it. Parliament did not like what they saw as a strong French influence of court which became a part of foreign policy when it became known that Lord Danby had been negotiating with the Catholic French since 1676 against the simple understanding of consequence(s) with supported with factual For example, Parliament was Protestant and in 1673 it found out that James, Charles’ brother, had secretly converted to Catholicism back in 1668. He had been attending Anglican services, and kept his beliefs private but the Test Act forced him to reveal his religion. Parliament wanted to exclude him from the succession to the throne. For example, Charles II did not have any lawful children. Parliament didn’t want his brother, James, to follow him as king because he was a Catholic. should demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Q4: ‘Leadership was the main reason for success in battle during the Restoration period.’

How far does a study of the Dutch Raid on the Medway support this statement? Explain your answer. You should refer to the Dutch Raid on the Medway and your contextual knowledge. and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.

Answer:

To support their answer students could include aspects of the site such as: location, function, structure, design, people connected with the site, how the site reflects culture, values and fashions of the time and how the site links to important events and/or developments of the specified period. understanding of the site. For example, the Dutch raid on the Medway shows that the leadership of Charles II was not clear. In the long term he weakened the English because of his French foreign policy and desire to save money allowed the Dutch to gain a propaganda victory in the Medway. He lost the English fleet’s flagship, the Royal Charles! He was swept along by anti-Dutch feeling, fanned by a popular press. The Dutch learned the lessons of the First Anglo-Dutch war and built new warships. The Dutch leaders were prepared to be bold and strike decisively at the Medway. Answers may suggest that one factor has greater merit. For example, battles could be decided by the technology involved and the preparation made. The Dutch rebuilt their fleet from 1664. They could build warships faster than the English and although they only fired 24 pounds shot compared to 42-pound shot on the large, three deck warships, the Dutch with their shallow draft could escape over the coastal sand bars where the English could not follow them. The Dutch had many professional crews whereas the English sailors were often unpaid and lacking in motivation. For example, Leadership was important because experienced English sailors or military commanders were often ignored like Sir Edward Spragge and Edward Gregory. On the other hand Dutch officers like Captain Jan de Brakel were allowed to use their initiative. The senior Dutch officers like de Ruyter and De Witt joined in the thick of battle to inspire their men on 13 June at Upnor consequences by simple reasoning supported with factual knowledge and understanding of the site. For example, leadership was important because it was disorganised on the English side. Albemarle arrived late at Chatham as this was four days after the Dutch fleet appeared off the River Thames. The Dutch officers were more seasoned sailors than the English who were often nobles. For example, leadership was important, Michael de Ruyter was respected by his English opponents as even James, Duke of York, called him ‘the greatest Admiral that the world had ever known’.