Paper 1 Section B/C: Conflict and tension between East and West,

June 2024

Q1: Source A is critical of America. How do you know?

Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge. Study Sources B and C in the Sources Booklet.

Answer:

features of the source. For example, the cartoon is critical of America because it shows how America supported rebels in Cuba to overthrow Castro with an invasion at the Bay of Pigs. The CIA had trained Cuban exiles for the invasion, but it was a disaster and they were defeated. For example, the cartoon shows American money being used to pay men to fight against Cuba. The cartoon is Cuban so it will show America in a bad light.

Q2: How useful are Sources B and C to an historian studying the beginning of the

Cold War, 1945–1949? Explain your answer using Sources B and C and your contextual knowledge.

Answer:

In analysing and evaluating sources, students will draw on their contextual example, the context of the time in which source was created, place, author’s evaluate the relationship between the sources based on analysis of For example, Source B shows how Truman presented US policy as a moral crusade in pursuit of world peace against the threat of the USSR. However, historians know that Truman’s personal dislike of Stalin was one of the factors that caused the Potsdam Conference to go badly and contributed to the origins of the Cold War. Truman had not officially told his ally about the development of the atomic bomb. This led to distrust and contributed to tension between East and West. Source C is an example of how the origins of the Cold War lay partly in Stalin’s determination to protect the USSR from attack by the West. Source C plays on the perceived danger posed by the West to the East. The USA is presented as positioning military bases ever closer to Eastern Europe. For example, Source B is useful to an historian because it gives the American justification for the actions they have taken in the Cold War since 1945. The motive may also be to tell the American people the money spent on the policy of containment in Europe has been worthwhile. It has prevented communism from spreading any further. When the USSR used force to establish communist governments in the countries they liberated from Nazi control, the USA was worried that communism may spread to Turkey. Source C is a Soviet cartoon so it will be critical of America’s role in the Cold War. The cartoon suggests that America is using its weapons and dollars to take control of Europe by having military bases in different countries. For example, Source C is useful to show a Soviet point of view about the causes of the Cold War. The motive of cartoon was meant to give a negative message to America. It accuses America of simply talking about peace but in reality, the map shows they are a threat to the USSR. It shows the USA using its money and military strength to have influence in Europe. When America offered to help rebuild countries in Europe by giving them Marshall Aid, Stalin said it was ‘Dollar Imperialism’. As part of the Truman Doctrine aid was given to Greece and Turkey, and in exchange, Turkey agreed to let America install weapons on the border with the USSR. Source B is President Truman explaining what he has done in the Cold War to stop the spread of the communist ideology. He criticises the Soviets for not believing in freedom and says that his policies have been a positive influence on the world. For example, Source B is President Truman explaining what he has done in the Cold War to stop the spread of the communist ideology. He criticises the Soviets for not believing in freedom and says that his policies have been a positive influence on the world. Source C is a Soviet cartoon so it will be critical of America’s role in the Cold War. The cartoon suggests that America is using its weapons and dollars to take control of Europe by having military bases in different countries. to the enquiry point, for example, Source B says that the Cold War is a fight Source C shows that America has put its flag and aircraft into other countries

Q3: Write an account of how the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, 1968 affected the

Cold War.

Answer:

with complex sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate and example, to an analysis of how/why tension increased at different stages and /or showing understanding about how much each part of the sequence increased tension and led to a crisis. For example, the Cold War intensified as a result of the events in Czechoslovakia because the Brezhnev Doctrine clamped down on any future threat to communism. The USSR announced that all countries in the Warsaw Pact had to stay under the communist control. The West condemned the Soviet invasion but did not take any action against it. developed sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate factual analysis of how/why tension increased at one stage in the process. For example, the Cold War was affected because the reforms encouraged other people in other countries such as Poland and Romania to be allowed to relax the extent of communist control over their lives. This alarmed the USSR who responded by telling Dubcek that he had to reverse his plans. When he refused, Soviet forces invaded and took control of the government. This showed that the USSR still had a hard-line attitude to the countries in the East For example, Dubcek introduced a series of reforms that were known as the Prague Spring. He wanted to give ordinary people more power. People were allowed to run their own businesses and travel to non-communist countries. Czechoslovakia got a new leader who made reforms such as freedom of should demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Q4: ‘Events in Korea were the main reason for the development of the Cold War during

the 1950s.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [SPaG 4 marks] and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.

Answer:

explanation of the relationship between causes supported by detailed factual For example, the events in Korea were the main cause of tension between the Superpowers in the 1950s because it proved that the influence of communism on the world was growing. The USSR and China supported North Korea and this made the US policy of containment much harder to uphold. Furthermore, the conflict in Korea carried the risk of nuclear weapons being used by the USA. Since the USSR also had nuclear defence by 1950, they could have retaliated. This situation was called mutually assured destruction. For example, events in Korea were the main reason for tension because it showed that Cold War rivalry had spread beyond Europe. The war in Korea was a proxy war between the Superpowers when the UN launched military action to prevent the spread of communism from the North of Korea to the South. The war lasted for three years. America believed in the ‘Domino Theory’ that if one country became communist, lots of other Asian countries would fall, like dominoes, under communist control. This theory caused tension between the Superpowers because America was worried that South Vietnam may be taken over by communists so sent military support to South Vietnam. For example, Soviet success in the development of ICBMs and satellites in the 1950s was also a cause of tension because the USA were determined to catch up in the nuclear arms race and space race. Both sides were determined to show that they were superior. Defence spending increased and any moment of tension brought fear of a worldwide nuclear war. For example, the Hungarian Uprising was a reason for tension between the Superpowers in the 1950s. A new government was created in Hungary that gave people more political freedom. But the USSR attacked Hungarian revolutionaries when they tried to leave the Warsaw Pact. The USA criticised the brutality of the Soviet response. Korea. Stalin gave supplies to North Korea and they invaded South Korea. nuclear arms race caused tension during the 1950s. Both Superpowers competed to have the most powerful weapons. • The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold