Paper 1 Section B/C: Conflict and tension between East and West,

June 2022

Q1: Source A is critical of Stalin. How do you know?

Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge. Study Sources B and C in the Sources Booklet.

Answer:

features of the source. For example, the cartoon is critical of Stalin because it was published during the Korean War when the USA and USSR were fighting over the spread of communism in Asia. Stalin provided weapons for Chinese soldiers to use in the fight against the UN forces in South Korea. For example, the source shows that Stalin is helping Mao to send soldiers to fight and die. The cartoon is American so it will show communist countries in a

Q2: How useful are Sources B and C to an historian studying the Berlin Blockade?

Explain your answer using Sources B and C and your contextual knowledge.

Answer:

In analysing and evaluating sources, students will draw on their contextual example, the context of the time in which source was created, place, author’s evaluate the relationship between the sources based on analysis of For example, taken together the sources are useful because they show how the Berlin Crisis was seen differently by both sides in the Cold War. An historian can see how even though the Blockade did not lead to armed conflict, Sources B and C are evidence that both sides tried to blame each other for the incident. The sources both show how tension increased between East and West during the Berlin Blockade and made future cooperation less likely. For example, Source B is useful to show how Stalin tried to justify his actions by accusing the Western powers of acting unreasonably. He is trying to blame the Western powers for breaking the agreement made at the Yalta Conference in 1945, that Germany and Berlin would be kept as four separate sections. However, the Western Allies merged their zones in 1948 and also introduced a single currency into the newly formed West Germany and West Berlin. Source C is a British cartoon so it will be opposed to Stalin’s blockade of West Berlin. The cartoon makes fun of ‘Joe’ Stalin because he cannot block the air corridors to stop planes from bringing supplies to Berlin. For example, Source C is useful to an historian because it shows that British people were pleased to be standing up to Stalin’s Blockade. The Allies began the Berlin Airlift which was a solution to the blockade of land routes to West Berlin. Planes were used to provide essential supplies of food and fuel to the people of West Berlin. The cartoon shows that Stalin wanted to try and stop the planes from flying. However, he did not want to risk shooting them down as that would be seen as an act of war. Source B explains that Stalin’s motive for the blockade was to protect his zone of occupation. When Britain, France and the USA merged their zones into one, Stalin was afraid that Germany would recover and could threaten the USSR once again. For example, Source B explains that Stalin’s motive for the blockade was to protect his zone. When Britain, France and the USA merged their zones into one, Stalin was afraid that Germany would recover and could threaten the USSR once again. Source C is a British cartoon so it will be opposed to Stalin’s blockade of West Berlin. The cartoon makes fun of ‘Joe’ Stalin because he cannot block the air corridors to stop planes from bringing supplies to Berlin. to the enquiry point, for example, Source B says that the Soviet Government is trying to look after the people of Berlin. Source C shows that Stalin is responsible for blocking access to Berlin.

Q3: Write an account of how events in Hungary during 1956 affected the Cold War.

Answer:

with complex sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate and example, to an analysis of how/why tension increased at different stages and /or showing understanding about how much each part of the sequence For example, the Cold War was negatively affected because the events of 1956 demonstrated that the United Nations was unable to prevent acts of brutality by the USSR. The UN passed a motion to call for the withdrawal of Soviet tanks from Hungary but the USSR vetoed the decision. developed sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate factual analysis of how/why tension increased at one stage in the process. For example, the Cold War was affected because the USA did not intervene to help the Hungarian revolutionaries in 1956. The USA argued that since Hungary was in the Soviet ‘sphere of influence’, it would be politically unwise if America was to interfere. For example, Nagy became the leader of Hungary. He made democratic style reforms that gave people more political freedom and he announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact. tanks and troops were sent to Hungary to crush the uprising. should demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Q4: ‘The U2 Crisis was the main reason why tension developed between East and West

during the 1960s.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [SPaG 4 marks] and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contactthe Copyright Team.

Answer:

explanation of the relationship between causes supported by detailed factual For example, the U2 Crisis was not the main reason why tension developed during the 1960s because more serious conflicts followed such as the loss of life incurred during the Prague Spring and the international fear of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. However, coming as it did at the very start of the decade, it could be argued that it set the tone for East–West relations by making it clear that ‘peaceful co–existence’ was unlikely. For example, the U2 Crisis was the main reason why tension developed between the East and West because once the spy plane had been captured by the Soviets, the American government lied about the purpose of the flight. They claimed it was simply conducting weather research. Khrushchev revealed the deception at the opening of the Paris Peace summit and when Eisenhower refused to apologise, the meeting was abandoned. This affected the Cold War because it was a missed opportunity to have face-to-face discussions and For example, the Prague Spring was also a reason why tension developed during the 1960s because Soviet forces invaded Czechoslovakia and installed their own loyal government. Dubcek had introduced political reforms into Czechoslovakia by relaxing state control of the economy and the press. The USSR and the other Warsaw Pact leaders felt any reforms could damage the communist system as a whole. East–West tension increased when Western countries criticised the violent response from Moscow and called for the UN to condemn the USSR. For example, tension developed during the 1960s because of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The USSR had nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba which put America in danger of attack. Kennedy used a naval blockade to stop any more missiles arriving on Cuba and demanded that the existing missiles were developed between East and West during the 1960s because an American U2 plane was caught spying on the USSR. was an increase in tension when USSR built the Berlin Wall. No one knew how the USA would react. Fighting may have broken out. • The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold