Paper 2 Section B/B: Medieval England: the reign of Edward I, 1272–1307

June 2022

Q1: How convincing is Interpretation A about the government of England under

Edward I? Explain your answer based on your contextual knowledge and what it says in Interpretation A.

Answer:

For example, it is convincing because all of the statutes which Edward passed showed how important Parliament had become to obtain the agreement of the important nobles, merchants and clergy. In order to obtain the taxation, as the interpretation says, Edward had to concede to Parliament things that they approved of such as the expulsion of the Jews in 1290, and to backtrack on some of the implications of the Quo Warranto investigations and the Hundred more than one aspect of the interpretation. For example, it is convincing because Edward passed a number of laws after the first Statute of Westminster in 1275 which changed the basis of land ownership. The second Statute of Westminster in 1285 said land should be inherited intact and not broken up. The third Statute of Westminster, meant you could not transfer ownership of land to a new holder. All of these statutes clarified and consolidated land ownership law which had been a mess. For example, Edward passed the first Statute of Westminster in 1275 which established that all land was under the King’s control and the only way to prove it was yours was to have a royal licence or to show that you owned it before Answers may show understanding/support for interpretation, but the case is For example, Edward passed many laws such as the statutes of Westminster which were about land ownership.

Q2: Explain what was important about Edward I’s relations with Scotland.

Answer:

the consequences of the stated development (Edward’s relations with Scotland) in the broader historical context (Medieval England). This is For example, Edward’s relationship with Scotland put a strain on his finances at a time in 1297 when other issues were pressing. He had to mount wars in Scotland and France and keep Wales under control which brought him into conflict with his nobles led by Robert Bigod, Marshal of England. He wrote the Remonstrances – a call for less taxation. As the country seemed on the verge of civil war, the Scottish threat of William Wallace after Stirling Bridge, brought barons and king together. Edward had to back down and compromise to meet For example, what was important about Edward’s relations with Scotland was that he continued to regard the Scottish king as his vassal and he interfered in legal decisions when Scottish nobles appealed above John Balliol to Edward. He also expected Scottish nobles to fight for him against France. The Scottish nobles did not think Balliol was strong enough to resist Edward and deposed the king but Edward won the Battle of Dunbar in 1296 and looked to have taken control of Scotland. For example, it was important because Edward wanted to control Scotland and add it to his empire. He used the chance to judge between John Balliol and Robert de Brus (Robert the Bruce) in 1291 to assert his claim to be overlord of the identified consequences, supporting by factual knowledge and For example, in 1291 Edward was asked to sort out who would be the next King of Scotland, he had to choose between John Balliol and Robert de Brus (Robert the Bruce). For example, Edward tried to conquer Scotland in the same way that he had

Q3: Write an account of how Edward I’s armies fought.

Answer:

reasoning supported by a range of accurate and detailed factual knowledge and understanding. For example, an explanation of different impacts/ consequences of change in the broader historical context. For example, Edward’s armies were led by the nobles and chivalry was very important in warfare. Individual nobles could be identified by their banners, including the King, and it was widely accepted that the nobles should seek out their equals to fight. However, because they were identifiable they often became easy targets. If you captured a noble you could use them to bargain or raise a ransom such as happened in 1264 to Henry III at the Battle of Lewis when Simon de Montfort took control. For example, Edward’s armies largely fought on foot. They used weapons like crossbows, pikes, longbows swords and battle-axes. They may be inexperienced peasants or be paid mercenaries fighting for Edward. However medieval battles were very unpredictable and to be avoided usually. The Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297 shows how things could go wrong, leaders making poor decisions, failing to communicate and being caught out by the terrain. The sight of Edward’s army and its power often brought about a surrender without simple understanding of consequence(s) with supported with factual For example, the nobles in the armies were the cavalry. They charged the enemy on horseback. The horse was expensive only the nobles could afford it. They wore chainmail and had a big spear and sword. They had to charge the schiltrons in the Battle of Falkirk in 1298. For example, the soldiers fought with pikes - long steel-tipped pole.

Q4: ‘The main reason for the development of London during the reign of Edward I was the

King’s need for money.’ How far does a study of London around the time of Edward I support this statement? Explain your answer. You should refer to London around the time of Edward I and your contextual knowledge. and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. Ifyou have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.

No answer found in mark scheme.