Paper 1 Section B/B: Conflict and tension: the inter-war years,

June 2023

Q1: Source A supports the Locarno Treaties. How do you know?

Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge. Study Sources B and C in the Sources Booklet.

Answer:

features of the source. For example, the cartoon was produced in the same year as the Locarno Treaties were signed. The title seems to celebrate that France and Germany have agreed not to go to war in the future. At Locarno, Germany accepted the western borders created by the Treaty of Versailles. For example, the cartoon shows European countries working together.

Q2: How useful are Sources B and C to an historian studying the League of Nations?

Explain your answer using Sources B and C and your contextual knowledge.

Answer:

In analysing and evaluating sources, students will draw on their contextual example, the context of the time in which source was created, place, author’s evaluate the relationship between the sources based on analysis of For example, taken together the sources are useful because they illustrate how the reality of the League’s capability in 1931 contrasts with the idealistic hopes that existed before it was created. Source B shows the belief in 1919 that the organisation would maintain peace. However, by 1931, the Covenant had been tested and proved to be of limited use in an international crisis. The artist that created Source C was trying to criticise the League for being ineffective and For example, Source B is useful for giving information about the wider role of the League of Nations. The League did a lot more than try to resolve international disputes. An International Labour Organisation was created that enforced the setting of a minimum wage in many countries, a Health Committee worked to stop the spread of disease such as malaria and the Opium Board tried to stop illegal drug trading. Source C was published in America. It gives an American view that in 1931 the League needed the USA to do their work for them and solve the fight between China and Japan over For example, Source C is useful for showing the opinion that the League was ineffective because the USA was not a member. The purpose of the cartoon was to encourage America to do more to solve the problem of Manchuria. The League did not have enough military or economic power to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Source B shows that the creators of the League of Nations wanted to help improve peoples’ everyday lives. They wanted to do more than prevent war breaking out. For example, they helped refugees after For example, Source B shows that the creators of the League of Nations wanted to help improve peoples’ everyday lives. They wanted to do more than prevent war breaking out. For example, they helped refugees after the war. Source C was published in America. It gives an American view that in 1931 the League wanted the USA to do their work for them and solve the fight between China and Japan over Manchuria. to the enquiry point, for example, Source B says that the League of Nations should keep peace. Source C shows that China was fighting Japan.

Q3: Write an account of the problems facing the peacemakers in 1919.

Answer:

with complex sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate and example, to an analysis of how/why tension increased at different stages and /or showing understanding about how much each part of the sequence increased tension and led to a crisis. For example, the peacemakers wanted different sorts of treaties and they had to compromise. America was more idealistic than France and Britain. Wilson wanted to apply the principle of self-determination so that countries could rule themselves. Although self-determination was used to justify reducing the size of Germany and its empire, the same principle was not applied to the empires of France or Britain. developed sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate factual analysis of how/why tension increased at one stage in the process. For example, one problem facing the peacemakers was France wanted to get revenge on Germany for the damage that had been caused by the fighting during the First World War and they wanted the peace treaty to be extremely harsh. Although the British people also wanted revenge for the lives lost in the war, Lloyd George was worried that if the treaty was excessively harsh it may cause Germany to start another war in the future. For example, France wanted Germany to pay large reparations. Britain wanted Germany to be a trading partner once again. The Big 3 were under time pressure to make decisions quickly. Big 3 did not agree about how Germany should be treated by the peace treaty. should demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Q4: ‘German rearmament was the main cause of increased tension in Europe before the

Second World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [SPaG 4 marks] and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.

Answer:

explanation of the relationship between causes supported by detailed factual For example, it was Hitler’s wider foreign policy rather than rearmament that was the main cause of tension in Europe before the Second World War. Although the ‘Freedom to Rearm Rally’ created the problem of how Britain should uphold the treaty of Versailles, it was not until the invasion of Czechoslovakia that Chamberlain had to accept appeasement had failed. The imminent invasion of Poland was the highest point of tension before war broke For example, German rearmament increased tension in Europe before the Second World War because it showed Hitler intended to make Germany strong again by using military action if necessary. He held a ‘Freedom to Rearm Rally’ in 1935 to show off his new troops and weapons. He began to conscript soldiers into his army and he made an agreement with Britain that he could start to build warships and submarines. He was breaking the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and no one stopped him. Britain’s policy of appeasement was also a reason for the increase of tension before the Second World War. Britain did not want to have the expense of war in 1936 and so they took no action when Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland. This made Hitler more confident that he could do as he pleased and it worried For example, Hitler’s alliances with other countries also increased the tension before the Second World War. He made an agreement with the USSR that they could both take over Poland and divide it between their two countries. This made the invasion of Poland more likely. weapons, created an air force and increased his army. invaded other countries such as Czechoslovakia. • The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold