Paper 1 Section B/B: Conflict and tension: the inter-war years,

June 2022

Q1: Source A is critical of the League of Nations. How do you know?

Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge. Study Sources B and C in the Sources Booklet.

Answer:

features of the source. For example, the cartoon is critical of the League of Nations because it was produced at the time of the Manchurian Crisis when the League failed to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. The title of the cartoon suggests that Japan is ignoring the League of Nations. For example, the cartoon shows that Japan is walking all over the League of

Q2: How useful are Sources B and C to an historian studying the policy of appeasement?

Explain your answer using Sources B and C and your contextual knowledge.

Answer:

In analysing and evaluating sources, students will draw on their contextual example, the context of the time in which source was created, place, author’s evaluate the relationship between the sources based on analysis of For example, the sources are useful to show how difficult it was for the governments of the time to respond to the threats posed by Hitler. The Munich Agreement mentioned in Source B was the work of several countries, not just Britain alone, therefore the responsibility for giving in to his demands is a shared one. The American view in Source C is useful to show that even countries outside Europe were concerned with the issue of Czechoslovakia and the policy of appeasement. For example, Source B is useful for showing a positive view of appeasement as Chamberlain presented it to the people of Britain. The Munich Agreement allowed Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia despite it not being German land. However, in return for this concession, Chamberlain secured the Anglo-German declaration which was a promise that war would be avoided. Source C is critical of Chamberlain for thinking that Hitler will be take over land in Czechoslovakia. Hitler had promised not to make any further demands for more territory but many people at the time thought he would try and take more land. For example, Source C is useful because it shows an opinion from outside Europe that was critical of Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement. The cartoon reflects the view that by giving into Hitler the Munich Agreement would encourage his territorial ambitions even further. This prediction came true when Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939. Source B shows why, in the short term, appeasement seemed to have worked. Chamberlain wanted to use discussion to avoid war with Hitler and Source B was seen as evidence that he had achieved his aim. For example, Source B shows that appeasement seemed to have worked. Chamberlain wanted to use discussion to avoid war with Hitler and this joint statement was seen as evidence that he had achieved his aim. For example, Source C is criticising appeasement. The American cartoon is saying the Munich Agreement might not keep Hitler quiet for long. The Munich Agreement had allowed Hitler to take over land in Czechoslovakia. Hitler had promised not to make any further demands for more territory to the enquiry point, for example, Source B says that Germany and Britain agreed never to go to war. Source C shows that Chamberlain is trying to keep Hitler quiet.

Q3: Write an account of how the League of Nations contributed to international peace in

the 1920s.

Answer:

with complex sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate and example, to an analysis of how/why tension changed at different stages and/or showing understanding about how much each part of the sequence reduced For example, the contribution to international peace by the League sometimes depended on the status of the country they were defending. In the issue of the Corfu invasion by Mussolini, the League originally upheld the complaint by Greece but this was undermined by the influence of more powerful countries such as Britain and France who chose to support Italy’s interests. developed sequencing and reasoning supported by a range of accurate factual analysis of how/why tension was reduced at one stage in the process. For example, the League contributed to peace because it helped to avoid a war breaking out between Sweden and Finland. Both countries wanted to claim ownership of the Aaland Islands. The League found a compromise that both For example, the League of Nations created an international court of justice to settle disagreements between countries. Every member of the Assembly could vote to choose the judges. League tried to prevent another war by discussing problems. The Commission for Refugees helped prisoners of war to return to their homes. should demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Q4: ‘The loss of territory was the main reason why Germans hated the Treaty of

Versailles.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [SPaG 4 marks] and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contactthe Copyright Team.

Answer:

explanation of the relationship between causes supported by detailed factual For example, the loss of territory was not the main reason because Germany expected some losses. What they hated the most about the Treaty of Versailles was that Germany was excluded from the negotiations and it was a ‘Diktat’. This meant they could not influence the severity of the resulting terms. This meant they could not prevent the inclusion of Clause 231 concerning war guilt which said they were responsible for starting the war. For example, the territorial terms of the Treaty of Versailles were the main reason why Germany hated it because they were humiliating and economically damaging. 10% of its land was given to neighbouring countries. A strip of land was given to Poland which effectively split Germany in two by creating a corridor that created access to the sea. As well as losing land outright, Germany also lost control of areas such as the coal rich Saarland which was put under a League of Nations mandate for 15 years and the Rhineland was For example, the reparations payments were another reason why Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles because it would make it harder for Germany to recover. People were suffering from starvation after the war, and they were angry that the reparation bill was so huge. Germany had to pay money to the Allies for the damage caused during the war. It was estimated that it would take over 60 years to pay back the full bill. For example, the War Guilt clause was hated by the German people because it forced them to accept the full blame for starting the war. Germany had no choice about signing the treaty; they were threatened with renewed fighting if they did not accept all the terms. of Versailles took a lot of land from Germany. was humiliated and forced to reduce the size of its army. • The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold