Paper 2 Section A/A: Britain: Health and the people:

June 2021

Q1: How useful is Source A to an historian studying the work of the

National Health Service? Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge.

Answer:

In analysing and evaluating sources, students will draw on their contextual example, the context of the time in which source was created, place, author’s For example, the poster is useful because it shows that the big issue for the twenty first century is how to change people’s behaviour so tobacco advertising for example was banned in 2005, and a smoking ban made it illegal to smoke in all enclosed public spaces in 2007. The NHS set up a 5-year campaign because it takes time to change people’s behaviour and uses modern methods like DVDs. In the long-term the NHS can save money by preventing illness but poverty still affects life expectancy. enquiry point and the broader context of the thematic. This may evaluate utility For example, it is useful because it shows that one of the issues that the NHS tackles is preventable disease. The NHS advocates a good diet and exercise. Ignorance can cost a lot of money and it is cheaper in the long run for the NHS to give out information than to treat the results of ignorance about health. The National Health Service has a big issue about how much money to spend and how to spend it. For example, it is useful because it shows that one of the issues that the NHS deals with is ignorance. One of the jobs of the NHS is to try to inform people about the best way to live a healthy lifestyle. In this way they prevent disease in Answers may show understanding/support for the source, but the case is made by assertion/basic inference For example, it is useful because it shows that people should know not to smoke when pregnant because it will harm the baby.

Q2: Explain the significance of the work of Edward Jenner.

Answer:

explaining the relationship between aspects of significance, for example over For example, the significance of Jenner’s discovery is the recognition he received for his discovery. Parliament gave Jenner £10,000 for his research in 1802 and another £20,000 in 1807. In 1853 the British government made smallpox vaccination compulsory despite laissez-faire attitudes at the time to health. By 1980 the World Health Organisation announced that Smallpox had been eradicated from the world. For example, Jenner’s discovery was significant because he used a scientific method to prove that the vaccination with cowpox had prevented smallpox. After the first experiment with James Phipps he tested the cowpox pus 16 times over several weeks which allowed Jenner to conclude that cowpox For example, Jenner’s discovery was significant because he overcame a lot of opposition in 1798 when he published his findings. This was because many doctors made a lot of money from inoculation with smallpox and Jenner could not properly explain why vaccination worked. For example, thousands of people did not get the disfiguring or fatal disease of smallpox because they had been vaccinated with cowpox, this was Jenner’s For example, Edward Jenner discovered that Smallpox could be prevented by

Q3: Explain two ways in which medieval public health and 19th century public health were

similar.

Answer:

For example, at both times public health in certain parts of the Middle Ages such as in the monasteries was good. Monks washed and had some good sanitation systems and in the towns the authorities passed local laws to try to clean up dirty areas. In the later nineteenth century, it was similar because they had good sanitation and passed laws such as the Public Health Acts in 1848 and 1875 to try to ensure things stayed clean. For example, they are similar because at both times the town authorities tried to do something about the conditions. In the Middle Ages town councils passed local laws encouraging people to keep the streets clean and remove their rubbish but they did not enforce it strictly in the nineteenth century anti- Contagionists stressed the importance of cleanliness and tried to clean up the environment such as after the Great Stink of 1858 which led to proper sewers For example, they are similar conditions in the major towns led to epidemic diseases such as the Black Death in the Middle Ages, 1348 and the Cholera in the nineteenth century which first arrived in 1831. At both times disease spread quickly by either the fleas or the infected water. for example, one of the identified similarities. For example, in both periods public health was bad and there were epidemic diseases that killed people like the Black Death in the Middle Ages and Cholera in the nineteenth century. For example, in both periods there were dirty conditions in the towns which should demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Q4: Has war been the main factor in the development of surgery and anatomy?

Explain your answer with reference to war and other factors. Use a range of examples from across your study of Health and the people: c1000 to the present day. and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.

Answer:

For example, although sciences are important theoretically, technology needs to be created to take advantage of science, so Paré developed artificial limbs to replace those lost during battles. In the nineteenth century Lister developed a Carbolic spray to deliver an infection killing chemical to the wound. We have technology today such as in keyhole surgery using small fibre-optic cameras, radiation therapy treats cancers. Today we use lasers rather than a scalpel for precise cutting. Warfare can bring breakthroughs but it is not always there whereas scientists are always trying to find improvements. Answers may suggest that one factor has greater merit. related, for example, to the identified consequences. For example, warfare was important during the First World War to repair broken bones with the Army Legs Splint which was developed to elevate and extend a broken leg and helped the bones mend. The splint is still used today. The dirt of the battlefield could lead to gangrene so surgeons worked out that using a saline solution could help. And Harold Gillies began the development of plastic surgery using skin grafts to treat severe facial wounds. During the Renaissance, Paré found a better way of treating gunshots in the sixteenth century and also stopping the bleeding in a wound by using a ligature instead Science has played a big part in helping to improve surgery in the nineteenth century chemists developed substances like chloroform which could take away the pain in an operation. In 1847 James Simpson used chloroform and other chemicals like Carbolic acid began to improve operations by reducing the amount of infection. Joseph Lister pioneered the use of Carbolic acid in the 1860s. Science led to theories that explained infection after Pasteur had developed germ theory. This meant surgeons accepted new treatments because they knew why they worked. For example, over time different factors have been important. In the First World War X-rays were really important to find bullets or shrapnel in wounded soldier’s body is. But scientists worked out blood groups so that patients could have a transfusion if they got the right blood type. During warfare governments put money into developing things that will keep soldiers healthy, such as in the Second World War when America backed the development of Penicillin. For example, students may offer a basic explanation stating that wars make people injured and doctors can experiment and see inside the body. Students may provide a basic explanation of a different factor, such as science was important because scientists developed ways of stopping people bleeding and replacing blood with transfusions.