Paper 2 Section A/A: Britain: Health and the people:

June 2020

Q1: How useful is Source A to an historian studying surgery in the late 18th and early

19th centuries? Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge.

Answer:

In analysing and evaluating sources, students will draw on their contextual example, the context of the time in which source was created, place, author’s For example, the cartoon is useful because it shows the common view of surgeons, popular at this time at the end of the eighteenth century, that they were not very good. This is odd because if the cartoonist knew John Hunter who was an excellent surgeon and who was scientific, he was unlike the surgeons in this cartoon. They all need glasses to see something that is obvious which is a leg. Surgery, it shows, is crude at this time using carpenter’s tools, it shows surgeons training and even the skeleton looks to have given up hope for them. It looks like he is sawing a plank with his knee on the patient’s enquiry point and the broader context of the thematic. This may evaluate utility For example, it is useful because it shows that surgery at the time was crude. It did not involve taking any precautions to prevent pain, infection or bleeding. They have tied the patient to the chair, there is no tourniquet and they have a bag of carpenter’s tools to do the job. It is showing no respect for surgeons with their fat faces and wigs. For example, it is useful because it shows that at this point in time they did not bother about cleanliness and germs. They have tied the patient down to stop him moving with the pain. Answers may show understanding/support for the source, but the case is made by assertion/basic inference For example, it is useful because it shows at the time that they cut off a person’s legs with big saws in their ordinary clothes.

Q2: Explain the significance of the creation of the National Health Service.

Answer:

explaining the relationship between aspects of significance, for example over For example, the significance of the NHS was that life expectancy rose. In 1948 it was 66 for women and today it is 83. But all that had a cost. It is significant that at the point the NHS was created the government did not appreciate the extent of the need for it. The costs soon had to be covered by prescription charges. The NHS has always had difficult financial choices to make about what to fund. For example, the NHS was significant because of its impact; before 1948 about 8 million people had never used a doctor because they couldn’t afford to, now everyone got free medical treatment and medicines. For example, the NHS was significant because the government took responsibility for the health of the nation rather than leaving it to individuals. This was quite a change from laissez-faire attitudes to public health in the For example, the NHS was significant because before the NHS people either relied upon charity medical help and hospitals or they had to pay to see a For example, the NHS was significant because everybody could have health

Q3: Explain two ways in which medieval hospitals and hospitals in the 18th century were

similar.

Answer:

For example, doctors in both medieval Islamic hospitals and hospitals of the time of John Hunter had medical students. Islamic hospitals called bimaristans cared for rich and poor, and had doctors who had medical students who trained alongside them. In the 18th century medical schools were attached to hospitals with specialist wards for different types of disease and students could follow a medical professor through the wards. For example, they are similar because in the Middle Ages the Monastery infirmary had an herbalist who would dispense medicines to people who are sick and in the 18th century hospitals there were public dispensaries such as in Edinburgh which started in 1776. For example, they are similar because both medieval Islamic hospitals and 18th century hospitals had doctors who tried to cure the sick by using a for example, one of the identified similarities. For example, in both medieval times and the 18th century the number of hospitals grew. In medieval times people founded hospitals because Jesus had cared for sick people and in the 18th century wealthy Christians stressed the need to show their faith by doing good deeds in the community such as founding a hospital. For example, both medieval hospitals and 18th century hospitals tried to make should demonstrate their ability to construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Q4: Has science and technology been the main factor in improving the treatment of

disease? Explain your answer with reference to science and technology and other factors. Use a range of examples from across your study of Health and the people: c1000 to the present day. [SPaG 4 marks] and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.

Answer:

For example, if the USA had not been in the Second World War there would not have been an incentive for the government to put millions of dollars into mass production of the Penicillin in order to cure their troops of infected wounds. This shows that science, war, and government work together. Answers may suggest that one factor has greater merit. related, for example, to the identified consequences. For example, warfare is a factor which can develop treatments. And during the First World War blood transfusions were developed, this led to a British National Blood Transfusion service in 1938. Penicillin was developed by 1944 to treat the Allied forces in Europe. Science has played a big part in helping to develop treatments for disease. It was Florey and Chain who use the scientific method to prove that penicillin could kill germs. They injected mice with deadly germs and then penicillin and it cured them. They use science to purify the penicillin. They scaled up production and testing until they had enough to treat a patient, Albert Alexander, a 43 year-old policeman who had a nasty infection. For example, over time different factors have been important. Individuals like Fleming can discover how a drug like penicillin could cure infection. But also science is an important factor such as Pasteur who use science to discover a vaccine against rabies in 1885. But governments can also pay for research such as America and Penicillin in the Second World War. For example, students may offer a basic explanation stating that science and technology shows people what has caused diseases and provide treatments. Students may provide a basic explanation of a different factor, such as individuals can make important discoveries which help cure disease. • The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold